Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.
Know spelling-sound correspondences for r-controlled vowels.
Know spelling-sound correspondences for different vowel teams that make the same sound (examples: ai/ay or ue/ew).
Decode Words
Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.
Tricky Spelling Patterns
Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.
Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.
Multiple Meaning Words
Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.
Adding Prefixes
Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word (e.g., happy/unhappy, tell/retell).
Compound Words
Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words (e.g., birdhouse, lighthouse, housefly; bookshelf, notebook, bookmark).
Strong Verbs
Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs (e.g., toss, throw, hurl) and closely related adjectives (e.g., thin, slender, skinny, scrawny).
Root Words
Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root (e.g., addition, additional).
Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.
Stories Can Teach Lessons
Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.
Identify Characters and Events
Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.
Describe how words and phrases (e.g., regular beats, alliteration, rhymes, repeated lines) supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.
Explore Story Structure
Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action.
Discover Points of View
Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud.
Gain Meaning from Pictures
Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story (e.g., create mood, emphasize aspects of a character or setting).
Compare, Contrast Series Books
Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.
Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.
Main Topic
Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.
Identify Steps in a Process
Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text.
Find the Meaning of New Words
Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area.
Nonfiction Text Features
Know and use various text features (e.g., captions, bold print, subheadings, glossaries, indexes, electronic menus, icons) to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.
Purpose of a Text
Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.
Images Add Meaning to Text
Explain how specific images (e.g., a diagram showing how a machine works) contribute to and clarify a text.
Find Evidence in the Text
Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.
Compare and Contrast Texts
Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.
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